PNEUMONIA RAPID REVIEW FOR EXAMS

PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs-affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain fever, and difficulty in breathing. Diagnostic tools include  X-ray and culture of sputum.

ETIOLOGY

• Bacterial infection: Gram-positive (e.g. Strep pneumonia, Strep Aurious) Gram-negative ( e.g. H. influenza, pseudomonas, anaerobic bacteria)
• Viral infection: Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus.
• Fungus infection, such as candidiasis, histoplasmosis, etc.
• Mycoplasma and protozoa in AIDS.

TYPES OF PNEUMONIA 

• Segmental pneumonia: Only in one small segmental lobes of lungs.
• Bilateral pneumonia: Both side segmental lobes of lungs are affected.
• Lobar pneumonia: Complete lobes affected.
• Bronchopneumonia: Patchy like formation in the lungs.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

• Systemic
• High fever
• Chills
• Central
• Headaches
• Loss of appetite
• Mood swings
• Skin
• Clammines
• Blueness
• Vascular
• Low blood pressure 
• Lungs
• Cough with sputum
• Shortness of breath
• Pleuritic chest pain
• Hemoptysis 
• Heart
• High heart rate 
• Gastric
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Muscular
• Fatigue
• Aches
• Joint 
• Pain

MANAGEMENT

• Prevention of pneumonia by vaccination.
• Use of antibiotic therapy for treatment, e.g. penicillin, erythromycin, cephalosporin, amikacin, ampicillin, etc
• Bronchodilators are used.
• Analgesics for chest pain,
• Provide comfortable position to the client.
• Teaching and encouraging effective coughing and deep breathing exercise.
• Monitor ABG for hypoxemia.

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